Reporting from the Heart of Disaster
How exactly do disasters become news? That is, how does video coverage get from disaster zones to your television, your computer or your phone? In hurricanes and floods, warfare and terrorism, one of the first things to collapse is communications. Sometimes the networks themselves are damaged – as when the 2011 Japanese tsunami wiped out wired and wireless communications in the Sendai region – and sometimes they are simply overwhelmed by the number of people trying to use them. Some catastrophes take place far from any broadband connection or optical fiber line.
Since the 1980s, the solution to bringing news from the worst places in the world has been satellite. It was in 1984 that an entrepreneur named Stanley Hubbard, a TV station owner and member of SSPI’s Hall of Fame, assembled a team to create the world’s first “satellite truck” to deliver live news from the field.
That innovation created a global industry, worth an estimated US$1.2 billion today, now referred to as digital newsgathering or DNG. It uses a mix of satellite, cellular telephone, microwave and wired broadband to transmit news from the field to the news center, where it is edited into stories or put live on the air. The equipment rides on trucks or cars, in suitcases or backpacks, and it makes reporters, wherever in the world they may be, into integrated members of the news team.
Trying to Give Context
Bringing us live coverage of terrible events is a tough job. On September 11, 2001, executive producer Susan Zireinsky, of the CBS news program “48 Hours,” was tasked with producing the primetime coverage of the first day and night after the fall of the World Trade Center in New York City. “Especially on that day,” she recalls, “you were just going to whomever had a piece of information. You were getting cameras up, you were putting people in place, you were trying to wrap your brain around it. You wanted to step back and synthesize some of the information, which is what we were trying to do. At that point, we thought there were many more dead, and it was still a search-and-rescue mission. It was a very, very complicated day to try to give context to.”
When the infamous Capiapo mine collapsed in Chile, NHK of Japan arrived early and stayed until after the rescue. Roger Hawkins, president of the satellite services company Disaster Truck, recalls working for the network. “When the rescuers completed a hole about 18 inches in diameter to send down food and water, NHK sent down a video camera. We showed the miners how to use it and for two and a half weeks, they were able to interview each other and record messages for their loved ones, who were waiting for them to be rescued.” The same video footage, transmitted by satellite, transfixed people the world over.
Mr. Hawkins was also present after a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti in 2010. CBS did not have any equipment of its own close enough to Haiti to rush to the scene, so Disaster Truck got the call. After putting their portable satellite terminal into place, however, they could not find a generator to power it. The stakes were high. American star journalist Katie Courec was due to arrive to handle the reporting assignment, so Hawkins’ team wired up two Haitian taxi cabs to produce enough power for the satellite terminal and the camera. The coverage went live on schedule.
Uniting the World
Reporting live from the field does more than satisfy the idle curiosity of viewers. In many terrible situations, it provides the first reliable information from the field. It marshals the concern and support of millions of people, who are moved to donate online. Red Cross officials reported that they raised US$488 million from the public for disaster relief in Haiti. When the tsunami struck Japan in 2011, donations to the Red Cross added $700 million to the massive disaster relief effort of the Japanese government.
It also brings the realities of war, terrorism and disaster into the homes of those lucky enough to be ignorant of all three. That can make us feel less safe – but can also unite us in powerful ways.
When the United States pushed Iraqi forces out of Kuwait in 2003, the world saw live coverage from the Bloommobile, a satellite-equipped vehicle that NBC News put into the field. It was named for correspondent David Bloom, who became a household name by reporting on the move as tanks and trucks rolled across the desert. Sadly, Mr. Bloom died of a pulmonary embolism in Bagdad soon after those broadcasts.
America’s Iraqi mission began with live TV coverage and ended the same way. NBC News put the Bloommobile back in action in 2010 to cover the last US combat brigade as it pulled out of Iraq. The motivation then was the same as it was in 2003, according to David Verdi, vice president of NBC News. “We asked ourselves what our audience expected from us in our coverage of the conflict. The unanimous answer was that our audience expects to see this war live.”
The digital newsgathering toolkit has an ever-expanding range of technologies to capture and deliver news to your TV, computer or phone. When journalists need to bring you that news from some of the worst places in the world, however, only satellite is up to the task.
Sources: “A NORSAT ‘Case In Point’ Disaster Truck,” MilSatMagazine, September 2014. “Electronic New-Gathering,” Wikipedia, September 23, 2016. “For the Pullout, NBC Dusts Off the Bloommobile,” by Brian Stelter, The New York Times, August 18, 2010. “The SNG Market,” by Virgil Labrador, Satellite Markets & Research.